Products Solutions Samples Buy
✕
This site uses cookies. By continuing to browse the ConceptDraw site you are agreeing to our Use of Site Cookies.

Mechanical Drawing Symbols

Mechanical Drawing Symbols
Mechanical Engineering solution — 8 libraries are available with 602 commonly used mechanical drawing symbols in Mechanical Engineering Solution, including libraries called Bearings with 59 elements of roller and ball bearings, shafts, gears, hooks, springs, spindles and keys; Dimensioning and Tolerancing with 45 elements; Fluid Power Equipment containing 113 elements of motors, pumps, air compressors, meters, cylinders, actuators and gauges; Fluid Power Valves containing 93 elements of pneumatic and hydraulic valves (directional control valves, flow control valves, pressure control valves) and electrohydraulic and electropneumatic valves; as well as many other sophisticated symbols and templates for your use.

Process Flow Diagram Symbols

Process Flow Diagram Symbols
Chemical and Process Engineering solution contains variety predesigned process flow diagram elements relating to instrumentation, containers, piping and distribution necessary for chemical engineering, and can be used to map out chemical processes or easy creating various Chemical and Process Flow Diagrams in ConceptDraw DIAGRAM.
The vector stencils library "Valve assembly" contains 141 symbols of pressure and flow regulators, flow direction indicators, controls, and symbols to design flow paths of control valves.
Use these valve assembly shapes to design the engineering drawings of hydraulic and pneumatic valve assemblies in fluid power systems.
"Control valves are valves used to control conditions such as flow, pressure, temperature, and liquid level by fully or partially opening or closing in response to signals received from controllers that compare a "setpoint" to a "process variable" whose value is provided by sensors that monitor changes in such conditions.
The opening or closing of control valves is usually done automatically by electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic actuators. Positioners are used to control the opening or closing of the actuator based on electric, or pneumatic signals.
A control valve consists of three main parts in which each part exist in several types and designs: Valve's actuator, Valve's positioner, Valve's body.
" [Control valves. Wikipedia]
The shapes example "" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Mechanical Engineering solution from the Engineering area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
Valve assembly symbols
Valve assembly symbols, variable arrow, valve, two-position, ports, valve, two-position, five ports, valve, three-position, ports, valve, three-position, five ports, valve, four-position, ports, valve, four-position, five ports, two-port, flow path, two-port, closed, flow path, three-port, flow path, three-port, crossover, flow path, spring, variable spring, non-variable spring, shaft, rod, shaft, direction, rotation, rotary connection, line junction, roller, one-way trip, rod, restriction, fluid flow, pull, push, button, pneumatic, fluid flow, plunger, variable plunger, non-variable plunger, pilot-operated, pedal, treadle, over - center, manual override, manual operation, lever, latch, junction, crossing, indication, temperature, temperature control, hydraulic, fluid flow, four-port, tandem, flow path, four-port, semi-connected, flow path, four-port, open, flow path, four-port, flow path, four-port, crossover, flow path, four-port, crossed, flow path, four-port, closed, flow path, fluid energy, pneumatic, hydraulic, energy source, fluid energy, pneumatic, energy source, fluid energy, hydraulic, energy source, flow path, flexible line, five-port, flow path, five-port, crossover, flow path, five-port, closed, flow path, electric, electrical, functional element, electric rotor, electric linear, solenoid, dot, line, junction, detent, curved arrow, direction, rotation, closed path, closed port, box, flow path, arrow, flow path, direction, rectilinear motion, air exhaust port, air bleed, connection,
Used Solutions

Accounting Flowchart Symbols

Accounting Flowchart Symbols
If you deal everyday with accounting procedures, you might come to that point when you have to draw an accounting flowchart mentioning all the necessary details for getting the right result and in order to succeed in your field of business activity. Making it is truly simple in case you have ConceptDraw DIAGRAM which is a unique software that allows you to create any kinds of charts and flowcharts as well as schemes, diagrams and plans. This product is so special that once you start using it, you will understand the way it works quick and will never need any other software for the purpose of creating all mentioned above to see as a result incredible, smart, professional, sophisticated flowchart.

Process Flow Diagram

Process Flow Diagram *
A Process Flow Diagram (PFD) is a diagram which shows the relationships between the main components in a system. Process Flow Diagrams are widely used by engineers in chemical and process engineering, they allows to indicate the general flow of plant process streams and equipment, helps to design the petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas processing plants, and many other industrial facilities.
ConceptDraw DIAGRAM diagramming and vector drawing software extended with powerful tools of Flowcharts Solution from the "Diagrams" Area of ConceptDraw Solution Park is effective for drawing: Process Flow Diagram, Flow Process Diagram, Business Process Flow Diagrams.

Flow Chart Symbols

Flow Chart Symbols *
Flowcharts are used in designing and documenting simple processes or programs. Like other types of diagrams, they help visualize what is going on and thereby help understand a process, and perhaps also find flaws, bottlenecks, and other less-obvious features within it. There are many different types of flowcharts, and each type has its own repertoire of boxes and notational conventions.
Flowchart diagrams consists of symbols of process, decision, data and document, data base, termination or initiation processes, processing loops and conditions. To create an drawn flowchart use professional flowchart maker of ConceptDraw DIAGRAM.

Process Flow Chart

Process Flow Chart *
A Process Flow Chart is a type of flowchart which is mostly used in industrial, chemical and process engineering for illustrating high-level processes, major plant processes and not shows minor details.
ConceptDraw DIAGRAM diagramming and vector drawing software extended with Flowcharts Solution from the "Diagrams" Area of ConceptDraw Solution Park is the best way to create Process Flow Chart and other types of flowcharts.

Building Drawing. Design Element: Piping Plan

Building Drawing. Design Element: Piping Plan *
Downloading conceptDraw unique product in order to make any of the plumbing plan, the annotated schematics or diagrams of waste water disposal systems seems to be making the right decision, especially knowing that it also allows you to draw not only plans, but many more other illustrations, such as different charts, flowcharts and diagrams.

Electrical Symbols — Terminals and Connectors

Electrical Symbols — Terminals and Connectors
An electrical connector, is an electro-mechanical device used to join electrical terminations and create an electrical circuit. Electrical connectors consist of plugs (male-ended) and jacks (female-ended). The connection may be temporary, as for portable equipment, require a tool for assembly and removal, or serve as a permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices.

26 libraries of the Electrical Engineering Solution of ConceptDraw DIAGRAM make your electrical diagramming simple, efficient, and effective. You can simply and quickly drop the ready-to-use objects from libraries into your document to create the electrical diagram.

Data Flow Diagram Symbols. DFD Library

Data Flow Diagram Symbols. DFD Library *
Data Flow Diagrams show information transfers and process steps of a system. The general concept is an approach of a depicting how occurs input in a system, further processes and what runs out. The aim of DFD is in accomplishing of understanding between developers and users. Data flow diagrams are maintained with other methods of structured systems analysis.

Electrical Symbols — Electrical Circuits

Electrical Symbols — Electrical Circuits *
A circuit diagram or wiring diagram uses symbols to represent parts of a circuit.
Electrical and electronic circuits can be complicated. Making a drawing of the connections to all the component parts in the circuit's load makes it easier to understand how circuit components are connected. Drawings for electronic circuits are called "circuit diagrams". Drawings for electrical circuits are called "wiring diagrams".

26 libraries of the Electrical Engineering Solution of ConceptDraw DIAGRAM make your electrical diagramming simple, efficient, and effective. You can simply and quickly drop the ready-to-use objects from libraries into your document to create the electrical diagram.

IDEF1 standard

IDEF1 standard *
Use Case Diagrams technology. Using visual graphical objects IDEF1 standard allows to model information interrelations.
The vector stencils library "Chemical engineering" contains 24 symbols of chemical and process engineering equipment.
Use these shapes for drawing Process Flow Diagrams (PFD), Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&ID), and Water Flow Diagrams in the ConceptDraw PRO software extended with the Chemical and Process Engineering solution from the Chemical and Process Engineering area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ engineering-chemical-process
Clarifier
Clarifier, clarifier, thickener, separating equipment,
Screen
Screen, screen, separating equipment,
Filter
Filter, electrostatic precipitator, bag filter, separating equipment,
Agitator
Agitator, agitator, radial turbine agitated tank, mixing equipment,
Vapor 1
Vapor 1, vapor, horizontal, jacketed vessel, vaporizing equipment,
Vapor 2
Vapor 2, vapor, vertical, jacketed vessel, vaporizing equipment,
Vessel
Vessel, vessel,
Pump mixer
Pump mixer, pump mixer, agitated-line, mixing equipment,
Centrifugal pump
Centrifugal pump, centrifugal pump,
Fan
Fan, fan, centrifugal fan,
Blower
Blower, blower, rotary blower,
Evaporator
Evaporator, evaporator, circulating evaporator,
Tower
Tower, tower, bubble tower, sparge, process vessel,
Flash drum
Flash drum, flash drum, knockout drum, process vessel,
Roll press
Roll press, roll press, roll-type press, size-enlargement equipment,
Cooling tower
Cooling tower, cooling tower, auxiliary facility,
Tank car
Tank car, tank car,
Tank truck
Tank truck, tank truck,
Kettle
Kettle, kettle, reboiler, heat exchanging equipment,
Valve
Valve, valve, in-line,
Motor valve
Motor valve, motor valve, valve,
Venturi
Venturi, venturi, flow nozzle,
Propeller
Propeller, propeller, mixing blade,
Instrument
Instrument, instrument, instrumentation,
Used Solutions
The vector stencils library "Fluid power equipment" contains 113 symbols of hydraulic and pneumatic equipment including pumps, motors, air compressors, cylinders, meters, gauges, and actuators.
Use it to design fluid power and hydraulic control systems in the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Mechanical Engineering solution from the Engineering area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ engineering-mechanical
Actuator (semi-rotary), pneumatic
Actuator (semi-rotary), pneumatic, semi-rotary, actuator, limited angle, rotation,
Actuator (semi-rotary), hydraulic
Actuator (semi-rotary), hydraulic, semi-rotary, actuator, limited angle, rotation,
Drive unit, pneumatic
Drive unit, pneumatic, pneumatic, drive unit, variable speed,
Drive unit, hydraulic
Drive unit, hydraulic, hydraulic, drive unit, variable speed,
Sgl-act. cylinder, pneum., left spring
Sgl-act. cylinder, pneum., left spring, single-acting, pneumatic, cylinder,
Sgl-act. cylinder, pneum., right spring
Sgl-act. cylinder, pneum., right spring, single-acting, pneumatic, cylinder,
Sgl-act. cylinder, pneumatic
Sgl-act. cylinder, pneumatic, single-acting, pneumatic, cylinder,
Sgl-act. cylinder, hydr., left spring
Sgl-act. cylinder, hydr., left spring, single-acting, hydraulic, cylinder,
Sgl-act. cylinder, hydr., right spring
Sgl-act. cylinder, hydr., right spring, single-acting, hydraulic, cylinder,
Sgl-act. cylinder, hydraulic
Sgl-act. cylinder, hydraulic, single-acting, hydraulic, cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneumatic
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneumatic, double-acting, pneumatic, cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., sgl cushion
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., sgl cushion, double-acting, pneumatic, cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., dbl cushion
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., dbl cushion, double-acting, pneumatic, cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., adjustable
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., adjustable, double-acting, pneumatic, cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., sgl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., sgl cushion, adj., double-acting, pneumatic, cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., dbl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., dbl cushion, adj., double-acting, pneumatic, cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydraulic
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydraulic, double-acting, hydraulic, cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., sgl cushion
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., sgl cushion, double-acting, hydraulic, cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., dbl cushion
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., dbl cushion, double-acting, hydraulic, cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., adjustable
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., adjustable, double-acting, hydraulic, cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., sgl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., sgl cushion, adj., double-acting, hydraulic, cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., dbl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., dbl cushion, adj., double-acting, hydraulic, cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. cylinder, magnetic
Dbl-act. cylinder, magnetic, double-acting, magnetic cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., sgl cushion
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., sgl cushion, double-acting, magnetic cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., dbl cushion
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., dbl cushion, double-acting, magnetic cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., adjustable
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., adjustable, double-acting, magnetic cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., sgl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., sgl cushion, adj., double-acting, magnetic cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., dbl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., dbl cushion, adj., double-acting, magnetic cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneumatic
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneumatic, double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., sgl cushion
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., sgl cushion, double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., dbl cushion
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., dbl cushion, double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., adjustable
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., adjustable, double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., sgl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., sgl cushion, adj., double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., dbl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., dbl cushion, adj., double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydraulic
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydraulic, double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., sgl cushion
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., sgl cushion, double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., dbl cushion
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., dbl cushion, double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., adjustable
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., adjustable, double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., sgl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., sgl cushion, adj., double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., dbl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., dbl cushion, adj., double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Telescopic cylinder, pneum., dbl-act.
Telescopic cylinder, pneum., dbl-act., telescopic, pneumatic, cylinder, double-acting,
Telescopic cylinder, hydr., dbl-act.
Telescopic cylinder, hydr., dbl-act., telescopic, hydraulic, cylinder, double-acting,
Telescopic cylinder, pneum., sgl-act.
Telescopic cylinder, pneum., sgl-act., telescopic, pneumatic, cylinder, single-acting,
Telescopic cylinder, hydr., sgl-act.
Telescopic cylinder, hydr., sgl-act., telescopic, hydraulic, cylinder, single-acting,
Actuator, hydraulic-pneumatic
Actuator, hydraulic-pneumatic, single-acting actuator, converting, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure,
Actuator, pneumatic-hydraulic
Actuator, pneumatic-hydraulic, single-acting actuator, converting, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure,
Intensifier, pneumatic
Intensifier, pneumatic, single-acting, intensifier, converting, pneumatic pressure,
Intensifier, hydraulic
Intensifier, hydraulic, single-acting, intensifier, converting, hydraulic pressure,
Intensifier, hydraulic-pneumatic
Intensifier, hydraulic-pneumatic, single-acting, intensifier, converting, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure,
Intensifier, pneumatic-hydraulic
Intensifier, pneumatic-hydraulic, single-acting, intensifier, converting, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure,
Intensifier, pneumatic-hydraulic
Intensifier, pneumatic-hydraulic, continuous, intensifier, converting, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure,
Intensifier, hydraulic-pneumatic
Intensifier, hydraulic-pneumatic, continuous, intensifier, converting, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure,
Actuator, pneumatic-hydraulic
Actuator, pneumatic-hydraulic, continuous, actuator, converting, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure,
Actuator, hydraulic-pneumatic
Actuator, hydraulic-pneumatic, continuous, actuator, converting, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure,
Accumulator
Accumulator, energy storage device, accumulator,
Accumulator, gas loaded
Accumulator, gas loaded, energy storage device, accumulator, gas loaded accumulator,
Accumulator, spring loaded
Accumulator, spring loaded, energy storage device, accumulator, spring loaded accumulator,
Accumulator, auxiliary gas bottle
Accumulator, auxiliary gas bottle, energy storage device, accumulator, auxiliary gas bottle,
Air receiver
Air receiver, air receiver,
Energy source, pneumatic
Energy source, pneumatic, pneumatic, energy source,
Energy source, hydraulic
Energy source, hydraulic, hydraulic, energy source,
Energy source, electric motor
Energy source, electric motor, energy source, electric motor,
Energy source, non-electric prime mover
Energy source, non-electric prime mover, energy source, non-electric prime mover,
Vented reservoir
Vented reservoir, vented reservoir,
Sealed reservoir
Sealed reservoir, pressurized, sealed, hydraulic, reservoir,
Filter
Filter, filter,
Filter, magnetic element
Filter, magnetic element, filter, magnetic element,
Filter, contamination indicator
Filter, contamination indicator, filter, contamination indicator,
Automatic drain filter separator
Automatic drain filter separator, automatically, drained, separator, valve, filter,
Manual drain filter separator
Manual drain filter separator, manually, drained, separator, valve, filter,
Separator, automatic drain
Separator, automatic drain, automatically, drained, separator, valve,
Separator, manual drain
Separator, manual drain, manually, drained, separator, valve,
Air dryer
Air dryer, air dryer, air drying,
Lubricator
Lubricator, lubricator, oil, air, lubricate,
Air service unit, filter, separator
Air service unit, filter, separator, air service unit, filter, separator,
Air service unit, separator
Air service unit, separator, air service unit, separator,
Air service unit, filter
Air service unit, filter, air service unit, filter,
Air service unit
Air service unit, air service unit,
Liquid cooler
Liquid cooler, heat exchanger, apparatus, cooling, circulating fluid,
Gas cooler
Gas cooler, heat exchanger, apparatus, cooling, circulating fluid,
Cooler
Cooler, heat exchanger, apparatus, cooling, circulating fluid,
Liquid heater
Liquid heater, heat exchanger, apparatus, heating, circulating fluid,
Gas heater
Gas heater, heat exchanger, apparatus, heating, circulating fluid,
Heater
Heater, heat exchanger, apparatus, heating, circulating fluid,
Liquid temperature controller
Liquid temperature controller, liquid temperature controller,
Gas temperature controller
Gas temperature controller, gas temperature controller,
Temperature controller
Temperature controller, temperature controller,
Liquid temperature controller 2
Liquid temperature controller 2, temperature controller, liquid,
Gas temperature controller 2
Gas temperature controller 2, temperature controller, gas,
Temperature controller 2
Temperature controller 2, temperature controller,
Pressure indicator
Pressure indicator, pressure indicator, pressure, indicator,
Pressure gauge
Pressure gauge, pressure gauge, pressure, gauge,
Differential pressure gauge
Differential pressure gauge, differential pressure gauge, pressure, gauge, differential gauge,
Thermometer
Thermometer, thermometer,
Liquid level measuring instrument
Liquid level measuring instrument, liquid level, measuring instrument,
Flow indicator
Flow indicator, flow, measurement, indicator,
Flow meter
Flow meter, flow meter,
Integrating flow meter
Integrating flow meter, flow meter, integrating,
Tachometer
Tachometer, tachometer,
Torque measurement equipment
Torque measurement equipment, torque measurement,
Pressure switch
Pressure switch, switch, pressure switch,
Limit switch
Limit switch, switch, limit switch,
Transducer
Transducer, transducer, analog transducer,
Pulse counter
Pulse counter, pulse counter, electric output signal,
Pulse counter 2
Pulse counter 2, pulse counter, pneumatic output signal,
Silencer
Silencer, silencer, pneumatic silencer,
Drain (inlet below fluid, drain line)
Drain (inlet below fluid, drain line), reservoir,
Drain (inlet below fluid, return line)
Drain (inlet below fluid, return line), reservoir,
Drain (inlet above fluid, drain line)
Drain (inlet above fluid, drain line), reservoir,
Drain (inlet above fluid, return line)
Drain (inlet above fluid, return line), reservoir,
Oil tank
Oil tank, oil tank,
Oil tank, empty
Oil tank, empty, oil tank,
Air compressor
Air compressor, air compressor,
Used Solutions

Active Directory Diagram

Active Directory Diagram
Active Directory Diagram represents the scheme of correlations of service components with the preset degree of the detailed elaboration. Such diagram lets plan and service the existing network quicker and more qualitatively and presents the clear picture of the network structure in graphical format.
With the help of ConceptDraw DIAGRAM extended with Active Directory Diagrams Solution from the Computer and Networks Area you can easily and quickly create the highly detailed Active Directory Diagram.

Data Flow Diagram

Data Flow Diagram *
Data flow diagram (DFD) is the part of the SSADM method (Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology), intended for analysis and information systems projection. Data flow diagrams are intended for graphical representation of data flows in the information system and for analysis of data processing during the structural projection. Data flow diagram often used in connection with human process and can be displayed as workflow diagram. The critical Process Flow Diagram is another flowchart technique for designing data flow in connection with organizational processes. The critical Process flow diagram may use different range of symbols than a classic workflow diagram.

Pipe Bender Plans

Pipe Bender Plans *
Pipe Bender Plans

CAD Drawing Software for Making Mechanic Diagram and Electrical Diagram Architectural Designs

ConceptDraw DIAGRAM software for making mechanic and electrical diagrams for architectural design
CAD (Computer-aided design) software is used for improvement the quality of design and the productivity of the designer, for creating the database for manufacturing. Computer-aided design is used in many fields: in mechanical and industrial design, in designing electronic systems and electrical diagrams for architectural design, in automotive, aerospace, shipbuilding industries.
Create an Electrical Diagram
Create an Electrical Diagram

Types of Flowcharts

Types of Flowcharts *
A Flowchart is a graphically representation of the process, algorithm or the step-by-step solution of the problem. There are ten types of Flowcharts. Using the Flowcharts solution from the Diagrams area of ConceptDraw Solution Park you can easy and quickly design the Flowchart of any of these types.
How to Simplify Flow Charting
How to Simplify Flow Charting

Design Data Flow. DFD Library

Design Data Flow. DFD Library *
Three DFD libraries, 49 vector shapes. Use these DFD symbol libraries to design the process-oriented models, data-oriented models, data flowcharts, data process diagrams, structured analysis diagrams, and information flow diagrams.