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"A hydraulic circuit is a system comprising an interconnected set of discrete components that transport liquid. The purpose of this system may be to control where fluid flows (as in a network of tubes of coolant in a thermodynamic system) or to control fluid pressure (as in hydraulic amplifiers).
... hydraulic circuit theory works best when the elements (passive component such as pipes or transmission lines or active components such as power packs or pumps) are discrete and linear. This usually means that hydraulic circuit analysis works best for long, thin tubes with discrete pumps, as found in chemical process flow systems or microscale devices." [Hydraulic circuit. Wikipedia]
The engineering drawing example "Hydraulic circuits" was redrawn using ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software from the Wikimedia Commons file: Hydraulic circuits.png.
[commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/ File:Hydraulic_ circuits.png]
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
[creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3.0/ deed.en]
The engineering drawing example "Hydraulic circuits" is included in the Mechanical Engineering solution from the Engineering area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
Hydraulic circuit schematic
Hydraulic circuit schematic, variable arrow, spring, variable spring, non-variable spring, shaft, rod, pump, hydraulic, oil tank, non-return, valve, junction, crossing, four-port, three-position, valve, fixed displacement hydraulic pump, fixed displacement hydraulic motor, dot, line, junction, callout, box, flow path, arrow, flow path, direction, rectilinear motion,
Used Solutions

Mechanical Drawing Symbols

Mechanical Drawing Symbols
Mechanical Drawings are the special type of technical diagrams that visualize the structure of complex systems and illustrate the information about ventilation, heating, air conditioning, i.e. HVAC systems. These drawings are created on the base of floor plans and reflected ceiling plans, and then become an obligatory part of construction project which is needed directly for construction a building and for receiving a permit on it. Mechanical drawings and diagrams help effectively represent construction, technical and engineering solutions, and also schematics of different mechanical equipment. ConceptDraw DIAGRAM ector drawing software enhanced with Mechanical Engineering solution from Engineering area of ConceptDraw Solution Park provides wide set of effective drawing tools, predesigned mechanical drawing symbols, templates, samples and examples. Use of standardized and recognized mechanical vector symbols helps you design understandable mechanical drawings, diagrams and mechanical engineering schematics.
The vector stencils library "Fluid power equipment" contains 113 symbols of hydraulic and pneumatic equipment including pumps, motors, air compressors, cylinders, meters, gauges, and actuators.
Use it to design fluid power and hydraulic control systems in the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Mechanical Engineering solution from the Engineering area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ engineering-mechanical
Actuator (semi-rotary), pneumatic
Actuator (semi-rotary), pneumatic, semi-rotary, actuator, limited angle, rotation,
Actuator (semi-rotary), hydraulic
Actuator (semi-rotary), hydraulic, semi-rotary, actuator, limited angle, rotation,
Drive unit, pneumatic
Drive unit, pneumatic, pneumatic, drive unit, variable speed,
Drive unit, hydraulic
Drive unit, hydraulic, hydraulic, drive unit, variable speed,
Sgl-act. cylinder, pneum., left spring
Sgl-act. cylinder, pneum., left spring, single-acting, pneumatic, cylinder,
Sgl-act. cylinder, pneum., right spring
Sgl-act. cylinder, pneum., right spring, single-acting, pneumatic, cylinder,
Sgl-act. cylinder, pneumatic
Sgl-act. cylinder, pneumatic, single-acting, pneumatic, cylinder,
Sgl-act. cylinder, hydr., left spring
Sgl-act. cylinder, hydr., left spring, single-acting, hydraulic, cylinder,
Sgl-act. cylinder, hydr., right spring
Sgl-act. cylinder, hydr., right spring, single-acting, hydraulic, cylinder,
Sgl-act. cylinder, hydraulic
Sgl-act. cylinder, hydraulic, single-acting, hydraulic, cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneumatic
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneumatic, double-acting, pneumatic, cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., sgl cushion
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., sgl cushion, double-acting, pneumatic, cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., dbl cushion
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., dbl cushion, double-acting, pneumatic, cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., adjustable
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., adjustable, double-acting, pneumatic, cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., sgl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., sgl cushion, adj., double-acting, pneumatic, cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., dbl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. cylinder, pneum., dbl cushion, adj., double-acting, pneumatic, cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydraulic
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydraulic, double-acting, hydraulic, cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., sgl cushion
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., sgl cushion, double-acting, hydraulic, cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., dbl cushion
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., dbl cushion, double-acting, hydraulic, cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., adjustable
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., adjustable, double-acting, hydraulic, cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., sgl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., sgl cushion, adj., double-acting, hydraulic, cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., dbl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. cylinder, hydr., dbl cushion, adj., double-acting, hydraulic, cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. cylinder, magnetic
Dbl-act. cylinder, magnetic, double-acting, magnetic cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., sgl cushion
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., sgl cushion, double-acting, magnetic cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., dbl cushion
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., dbl cushion, double-acting, magnetic cylinder,
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., adjustable
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., adjustable, double-acting, magnetic cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., sgl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., sgl cushion, adj., double-acting, magnetic cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., dbl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. cylinder, magn., dbl cushion, adj., double-acting, magnetic cylinder, adjustable,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneumatic
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneumatic, double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., sgl cushion
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., sgl cushion, double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., dbl cushion
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., dbl cushion, double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., adjustable
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., adjustable, double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., sgl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., sgl cushion, adj., double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., dbl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, pneum., dbl cushion, adj., double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydraulic
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydraulic, double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., sgl cushion
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., sgl cushion, double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., dbl cushion
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., dbl cushion, double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., adjustable
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., adjustable, double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., sgl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., sgl cushion, adj., double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., dbl cushion, adj.
Dbl-act. dbl-end. cylinder, hydr., dbl cushion, adj., double-acting, double-ended, cylinder,
Telescopic cylinder, pneum., dbl-act.
Telescopic cylinder, pneum., dbl-act., telescopic, pneumatic, cylinder, double-acting,
Telescopic cylinder, hydr., dbl-act.
Telescopic cylinder, hydr., dbl-act., telescopic, hydraulic, cylinder, double-acting,
Telescopic cylinder, pneum., sgl-act.
Telescopic cylinder, pneum., sgl-act., telescopic, pneumatic, cylinder, single-acting,
Telescopic cylinder, hydr., sgl-act.
Telescopic cylinder, hydr., sgl-act., telescopic, hydraulic, cylinder, single-acting,
Actuator, hydraulic-pneumatic
Actuator, hydraulic-pneumatic, single-acting actuator, converting, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure,
Actuator, pneumatic-hydraulic
Actuator, pneumatic-hydraulic, single-acting actuator, converting, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure,
Intensifier, pneumatic
Intensifier, pneumatic, single-acting, intensifier, converting, pneumatic pressure,
Intensifier, hydraulic
Intensifier, hydraulic, single-acting, intensifier, converting, hydraulic pressure,
Intensifier, hydraulic-pneumatic
Intensifier, hydraulic-pneumatic, single-acting, intensifier, converting, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure,
Intensifier, pneumatic-hydraulic
Intensifier, pneumatic-hydraulic, single-acting, intensifier, converting, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure,
Intensifier, pneumatic-hydraulic
Intensifier, pneumatic-hydraulic, continuous, intensifier, converting, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure,
Intensifier, hydraulic-pneumatic
Intensifier, hydraulic-pneumatic, continuous, intensifier, converting, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure,
Actuator, pneumatic-hydraulic
Actuator, pneumatic-hydraulic, continuous, actuator, converting, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure,
Actuator, hydraulic-pneumatic
Actuator, hydraulic-pneumatic, continuous, actuator, converting, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure,
Accumulator
Accumulator, energy storage device, accumulator,
Accumulator, gas loaded
Accumulator, gas loaded, energy storage device, accumulator, gas loaded accumulator,
Accumulator, spring loaded
Accumulator, spring loaded, energy storage device, accumulator, spring loaded accumulator,
Accumulator, auxiliary gas bottle
Accumulator, auxiliary gas bottle, energy storage device, accumulator, auxiliary gas bottle,
Air receiver
Air receiver, air receiver,
Energy source, pneumatic
Energy source, pneumatic, pneumatic, energy source,
Energy source, hydraulic
Energy source, hydraulic, hydraulic, energy source,
Energy source, electric motor
Energy source, electric motor, energy source, electric motor,
Energy source, non-electric prime mover
Energy source, non-electric prime mover, energy source, non-electric prime mover,
Vented reservoir
Vented reservoir, vented reservoir,
Sealed reservoir
Sealed reservoir, pressurized, sealed, hydraulic, reservoir,
Filter
Filter, filter,
Filter, magnetic element
Filter, magnetic element, filter, magnetic element,
Filter, contamination indicator
Filter, contamination indicator, filter, contamination indicator,
Automatic drain filter separator
Automatic drain filter separator, automatically, drained, separator, valve, filter,
Manual drain filter separator
Manual drain filter separator, manually, drained, separator, valve, filter,
Separator, automatic drain
Separator, automatic drain, automatically, drained, separator, valve,
Separator, manual drain
Separator, manual drain, manually, drained, separator, valve,
Air dryer
Air dryer, air dryer, air drying,
Lubricator
Lubricator, lubricator, oil, air, lubricate,
Air service unit, filter, separator
Air service unit, filter, separator, air service unit, filter, separator,
Air service unit, separator
Air service unit, separator, air service unit, separator,
Air service unit, filter
Air service unit, filter, air service unit, filter,
Air service unit
Air service unit, air service unit,
Liquid cooler
Liquid cooler, heat exchanger, apparatus, cooling, circulating fluid,
Gas cooler
Gas cooler, heat exchanger, apparatus, cooling, circulating fluid,
Cooler
Cooler, heat exchanger, apparatus, cooling, circulating fluid,
Liquid heater
Liquid heater, heat exchanger, apparatus, heating, circulating fluid,
Gas heater
Gas heater, heat exchanger, apparatus, heating, circulating fluid,
Heater
Heater, heat exchanger, apparatus, heating, circulating fluid,
Liquid temperature controller
Liquid temperature controller, liquid temperature controller,
Gas temperature controller
Gas temperature controller, gas temperature controller,
Temperature controller
Temperature controller, temperature controller,
Liquid temperature controller 2
Liquid temperature controller 2, temperature controller, liquid,
Gas temperature controller 2
Gas temperature controller 2, temperature controller, gas,
Temperature controller 2
Temperature controller 2, temperature controller,
Pressure indicator
Pressure indicator, pressure indicator, pressure, indicator,
Pressure gauge
Pressure gauge, pressure gauge, pressure, gauge,
Differential pressure gauge
Differential pressure gauge, differential pressure gauge, pressure, gauge, differential gauge,
Thermometer
Thermometer, thermometer,
Liquid level measuring instrument
Liquid level measuring instrument, liquid level, measuring instrument,
Flow indicator
Flow indicator, flow, measurement, indicator,
Flow meter
Flow meter, flow meter,
Integrating flow meter
Integrating flow meter, flow meter, integrating,
Tachometer
Tachometer, tachometer,
Torque measurement equipment
Torque measurement equipment, torque measurement,
Pressure switch
Pressure switch, switch, pressure switch,
Limit switch
Limit switch, switch, limit switch,
Transducer
Transducer, transducer, analog transducer,
Pulse counter
Pulse counter, pulse counter, electric output signal,
Pulse counter 2
Pulse counter 2, pulse counter, pneumatic output signal,
Silencer
Silencer, silencer, pneumatic silencer,
Drain (inlet below fluid, drain line)
Drain (inlet below fluid, drain line), reservoir,
Drain (inlet below fluid, return line)
Drain (inlet below fluid, return line), reservoir,
Drain (inlet above fluid, drain line)
Drain (inlet above fluid, drain line), reservoir,
Drain (inlet above fluid, return line)
Drain (inlet above fluid, return line), reservoir,
Oil tank
Oil tank, oil tank,
Oil tank, empty
Oil tank, empty, oil tank,
Air compressor
Air compressor, air compressor,
Used Solutions

Electrical Symbols — Terminals and Connectors

Electrical Symbols — Terminals and Connectors
An electrical connector, is an electro-mechanical device used to join electrical terminations and create an electrical circuit. Electrical connectors consist of plugs (male-ended) and jacks (female-ended). The connection may be temporary, as for portable equipment, require a tool for assembly and removal, or serve as a permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices. 26 libraries of the Electrical Engineering Solution of ConceptDraw DIAGRAM make your electrical diagramming simple, efficient, and effective. You can simply and quickly drop the ready-to-use objects from libraries into your document to create the electrical diagram.

Technical Drawing Software

Technical Drawing Software *
Technical drawing or draft is a form of specialized graphic communication, exchange of ideas in industry and engineering. It is a visual representation of object with indication of dimensions and used material, constructed with maintaining the proportions between its parts. Technical drawings are constructed by architects, technologists, engineers, designers, drafters, and other technical professionals according to defined rules, specifications, internationally accepted standards and standardized notations allowing to make unambiguous, clear and understandable technical drawings. ConceptDraw DIAGRAM extended with Electrical Engineering solution, Mechanical Engineering solution, Chemical and Process Engineering solution from Industrial Engineering Area of ConceptDraw Solution Park is ideal technical drawing software. Its powerful drawing tools, predesigned vector objects, templates, samples are helpful for creation all kinds of Technical Drawings and Technical Diagrams, Electrical and Mechanical Schematics, Circuit and Wiring Diagrams, Structural Drawings, and many other.

Electrical Symbols — Thermo

Electrical Symbols — Thermo *
A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two different conductors forming electrical junctions at differing temperatures. A thermocouple produces a temperature-dependent voltage as a result of the thermoelectric effect, and this voltage can be interpreted to measure temperature. Thermocouples are a widely used type of temperature sensor. 26 libraries of the Electrical Engineering Solution of ConceptDraw DIAGRAM make your electrical diagramming simple, efficient, and effective. You can simply and quickly drop the ready-to-use objects from libraries into your document to create the electrical diagram.

Electrical Symbols — Inductors

Electrical Symbols — Inductors *
An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component which resists changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire, usually wound into a coil. Energy is stored in a magnetic field in the coil as long as current flows. When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor, according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. 26 libraries of the Electrical Engineering Solution of ConceptDraw DIAGRAM make your electrical diagramming simple, efficient, and effective. You can simply and quickly drop the ready-to-use objects from libraries into your document to create the electrical diagram.

Electrical Symbols — Transformers and Windings

Electrical Symbols — Transformers and Windings *
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces an electromotive force within a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields. Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power applications. 26 libraries of the Electrical Engineering Solution of ConceptDraw DIAGRAM make your electrical diagramming simple, efficient, and effective. You can simply and quickly drop the ready-to-use objects from libraries into your document to create the electrical diagram.

Process Flow Diagram Symbols

Process Flow Diagram Symbols
Chemical and Process Engineering Solution from the Industrial Engineering Area of ConceptDraw Solution Park is a unique tool which contains variety of predesigned process flow diagram symbols for easy creating various Chemical and Process Flow Diagrams in ConceptDraw DIAGRAM.
The vector stencils library "Switches and relays" contains 58 symbols of electrical contacts, switches, relays, circuit breakers, selectors, connectors, disconnect devices, switching circuits, current regulators, and thermostats for electrical devices.
"In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.
The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or "open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is nonconducting. The mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) can be either a "toggle" (flip switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary" (push-for "on" or push-for "off") type.
A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch. Automatically operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine tool is in a position to accept another workpiece. Switches may be operated by process variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting as sensors in a process and used to automatically control a system. ... A switch that is operated by another electrical circuit is called a relay. Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some switches are used to isolate electric power from a system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be padlocked if necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance, or to prevent electric shock." [Switch. Wikipedia]
"A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays"." [Relay. Wikipedia]
The shapes example "Design elements - Switches and relays" was drawn using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Electrical Engineering solution from the Engineering area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
Switch and relay symbols
Switch and relay symbols, two way contact, time delay make, open switch, time-delay closing, TDC, time delay make, normally open, time delay break, normally closed, time delay break, closed switch, time-delay opening, TDO, thermostat, temperature switch, temperature sensitive switch, temperature actuated switch, switch disconnector, isolating-switch, stay put, contact without spring return, spring return, make, spring return, break, spring return, shorting selector, make-before-break, shorting, bridging, contact transfer, selector switch, break-before-make, nonshorting, nonbridging, contact transfer, safety interlock, circuit opening, relay contacts, relay coil, relay, pushbutton, make, circuit closing, mushroom head, push-pull head, pushbutton, break, circuit opening, mushroom head, push-pull head, pushbutton, 2-circuit, circuit opening, break, proximity limit switch, directly actuated, spring returned, normally closed, pressure actuated switch, pilot light, passing make-contact, mercury switch, manual switch, manually operated switch, make contact, liquid level actuated switch, limit switch, directly actuated, spring returned, normally open, limit switch, directly actuated, spring returned, normally closed, limit switch, isolator, inertia switch, gas flow actuated switch, fuse, flow actuated, circuit breaker, change-over contact, break contact, SPST, single-pole, single-throw, switch, SPDT, single-pole, double-throw, switch, DPST, double-pole, single-throw, switch, DPDT, double-pole, double-throw, switch, 4 position, switch, 3 position, three-position, switch, 2 position, switch,
Used Solutions

Mathematics Symbols

Mathematics Symbols *
ConceptDraw DIAGRAM extended with Mathematics solution from the Science and Education area is a powerful diagramming and vector drawing software that offers all needed tools for mathematical diagrams designing. Mathematics solution provides 3 libraries with predesigned vector mathematics symbols and figures: Solid Geometry Library, Plane Geometry Library and Trigonometric Functions Library.

Security Plans

Security Plans *
No security system cannot be constructed without detailed security plan, or even a set of plans in some cases. ConceptDraw DIAGRAM software offers the Security and Access Plans Solution from the Building Plans Area to help you design the Security Plans for any premises and of any complexity.
The vector stencils library "Valve assembly" contains 141 symbols of pressure and flow regulators, flow direction indicators, controls, and symbols to design flow paths of control valves.
Use these valve assembly shapes to design the engineering drawings of hydraulic and pneumatic valve assemblies in fluid power systems.
"Control valves are valves used to control conditions such as flow, pressure, temperature, and liquid level by fully or partially opening or closing in response to signals received from controllers that compare a "setpoint" to a "process variable" whose value is provided by sensors that monitor changes in such conditions.
The opening or closing of control valves is usually done automatically by electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic actuators. Positioners are used to control the opening or closing of the actuator based on electric, or pneumatic signals.
A control valve consists of three main parts in which each part exist in several types and designs: Valve's actuator, Valve's positioner, Valve's body.
" [Control valves. Wikipedia]
The shapes example "" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Mechanical Engineering solution from the Engineering area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
Valve assembly symbols
Valve assembly symbols, variable arrow, valve, two-position, ports, valve, two-position, five ports, valve, three-position, ports, valve, three-position, five ports, valve, four-position, ports, valve, four-position, five ports, two-port, flow path, two-port, closed, flow path, three-port, flow path, three-port, crossover, flow path, spring, variable spring, non-variable spring, shaft, rod, shaft, direction, rotation, rotary connection, line junction, roller, one-way trip, rod, restriction, fluid flow, pull, push, button, pneumatic, fluid flow, plunger, variable plunger, non-variable plunger, pilot-operated, pedal, treadle, over - center, manual override, manual operation, lever, latch, junction, crossing, indication, temperature, temperature control, hydraulic, fluid flow, four-port, tandem, flow path, four-port, semi-connected, flow path, four-port, open, flow path, four-port, flow path, four-port, crossover, flow path, four-port, crossed, flow path, four-port, closed, flow path, fluid energy, pneumatic, hydraulic, energy source, fluid energy, pneumatic, energy source, fluid energy, hydraulic, energy source, flow path, flexible line, five-port, flow path, five-port, crossover, flow path, five-port, closed, flow path, electric, electrical, functional element, electric rotor, electric linear, solenoid, dot, line, junction, detent, curved arrow, direction, rotation, closed path, closed port, box, flow path, arrow, flow path, direction, rectilinear motion, air exhaust port, air bleed, connection,
Used Solutions
The vector stencils library "Electrical and telecom" contains 83 symbols of electrical and telecommunication equipment.
Use these shapes for drawing electrical and telecom system design floor plans, cabling layout schemes, and wiring diagrams in the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software.
The vector stencils library "Electrical and telecom" is included in the Electric and Telecom Plans solution from the Building Plans area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
Luminaire ceiling mount
Luminaire ceiling mount, luminaire ceiling mount,
Enclosed ceiling luminaire
Enclosed ceiling luminaire, enclosed ceiling luminaire,
Wall light
Wall light, wall light,
1-light bar
1-light bar, light bar,
2-light bar
2-light bar, light bar,
4-light bar
4-light bar, light bar,
6-light bar
6-light bar, light bar,
8-light bar
8-light bar, light bar,
Down lighter
Down lighter, down lighter,
Outdoor lightning
Outdoor lightning, outdoor lightning,
Outdoor lightning, bollard
Outdoor lightning, bollard, outdoor lightning, bollard,
Batten fluorescent, 1 lamp
Batten fluorescent, 1 lamp, batten fluorescent,
Batten fluorescent, 2 lamps
Batten fluorescent, 2 lamps, batten fluorescent,
Batten fluorescent, 3 lamps
Batten fluorescent, 3 lamps, batten fluorescent,
Batten fluorescent, 4 lamps
Batten fluorescent, 4 lamps, batten fluorescent,
Surface Fluorescent Light
Surface Fluorescent Light, surface fluorescent light,
Modular fluorescent fitting
Modular fluorescent fitting, modular fluorescent fitting,
Modular fluorescent fitting, inverter
Modular fluorescent fitting, inverter, modular fluorescent fitting,
Modular fluorescent fitting 2
Modular fluorescent fitting 2, modular fluorescent fitting,
Pull-cord switch
Pull-cord switch, pull-cord switch,
Emergency light
Emergency light, emergency light, emergency lightning point,
Emergency light 2
Emergency light 2, emergency light, emergency lightning point,
Emergency sign
Emergency sign, illuminated emergency sign, emergency sign,
Switch
Switch, electrical switch, switch,
Switch, 1 pole
Switch, 1 pole, electrical switch, switch,
Switch, 2 pole
Switch, 2 pole, electrical switch, switch,
Switch, 2-way
Switch, 2-way, electrical switch, switch,
Multi-switch
Multi-switch, electrical switch, switch, multi-switch,
Switch, intermediate
Switch, intermediate, electrical switch, switch,
Dimmer switch
Dimmer switch, dimmer switch,
Dimmer switch 2
Dimmer switch 2, dimmer switch,
Socket
Socket, socket outlet, power outlet,
Socket 2
Socket 2, socket outlet, power outlet,
Switched socket
Switched socket, socket outlet, power outlet, switched socket,
Switched socket 2
Switched socket 2, socket outlet, power outlet, switched socket,
Double socket
Double socket, socket outlet, power outlet, double socket,
Double socket 2
Double socket 2, socket outlet, power outlet, double socket,
Socket outlet
Socket outlet, socket outlet, power outlet,
Telephone outlet
Telephone outlet, telephone outlet,
Telephone outlet 2
Telephone outlet 2, telephone outlet,
Stereo outlet
Stereo outlet, stereo speaker outlet, stereo outlet,
Television outlet
Television outlet, cable television outlet, television outlet, cable TV outlet, TV outlet,
Service panel, surface
Service panel, surface, electrical service panel, service panel,
Service panel, inset
Service panel, inset, electrical service panel, service panel,
Thermostat
Thermostat, thermostat,
Ceiling fan
Ceiling fan, ceiling fan, exhaust fan fixture,
Hold open unit
Hold open unit, hold open unit, electro magnetic door,
Detector
Detector, detector, surface mounted, heat detector, smoke detector,
Fire alarm
Fire alarm, fire alarm sounder, fire alarm,
City Fire Alarm Station
City Fire Alarm Station, city fire alarm station, fire alarm station,
Fire Alarm Station
Fire Alarm Station, fire alarm station,
Fire Alarm Bell
Fire Alarm Bell, fire alarm bell,
Fire Alarm Central Station
Fire Alarm Central Station, fire alarm central station,
Automatic Fire Alarm Device
Automatic Fire Alarm Device, automatic fire alarm device,
Main control
Main control, main control, intake,
Ground
Ground, ground connection, ground,
Doorbell
Doorbell, doorbell,
Push Button
Push Button, push button,
Buzzer
Buzzer, buzzer,
Annunciator
Annunciator, annunciator,
Horn
Horn, horn,
Maid's Signal Plug
Maid's Signal Plug, maid's dignal plug,
Signal Central Station
Signal Central Station, signal central station,
Doorbell Chime
Doorbell Chime, doorbell chime,
Doorbell Transformer
Doorbell Transformer, doorbell transformer,
Magnetic Door Hold
Magnetic Door Hold, magnetic door hold,
Intercom
Intercom, intercom,
Telephone Key System
Telephone Key System, telephone key system,
Digital Satellite System
Digital Satellite System, digital satellite system,
Inside Antenna
Inside Antenna, inside antenna,
Outside Antenna
Outside Antenna, outside antenna,
Electric Motors
Electric Motors, electric motors,
Single Phase
Single Phase, single phase,
Three of Poly Phase
Three of Poly Phase, three, poly phase,
Wall Mounted Electrical Junction Box for Hardware
Wall Mounted Electrical Junction Box for Hardware, wall mounted, electrical junction box, hardware,
Wall Mounted Telephone/Data Junction Box for Hardware
Wall Mounted Telephone/Data Junction Box for Hardware, wall mounted, telephone box, data junction box, hardware,
Card Reader Access System
Card Reader Access System, card reader, access system,
Emergency Release Button
Emergency Release Button, emergency release button,
Motion Sensor
Motion Sensor, motion sensor,
Electric Door Opener
Electric Door Opener, electric, door opener,
Watchman's Station
Watchman's Station, watchman's station,
Watchman's Central Station
Watchman's Central Station, watchman's central station,
Battery
Battery, battery,
Used Solutions
The vector stencils library "Switches and relays" contains 58 symbols of electrical contacts, switches, relays, circuit breakers, selectors, connectors, disconnect devices, switching circuits, current regulators, and thermostats for electrical devices.
Use these shapes for drawing electrical diagrams in the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Electrical Engineering solution from the Engineering area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ engineering-electrical
SPST
SPST, SPST, single-pole, single-throw, switch,
SPDT
SPDT, SPDT, single-pole, double-throw, switch,
DPST
DPST, DPST, double-pole, single-throw, switch,
DPDT
DPDT, DPDT, double-pole, double-throw, switch,
Make contact
Make contact, make contact,
Break contact
Break contact, break contact,
Two way contact
Two way contact, two way contact,
Passing make-contact
Passing make-contact, passing make-contact,
Spring return
Spring return, spring return,
Stay put
Stay put, stay put, contact without spring return,
Limit switch
Limit switch, limit switch,
Circuit breaker
Circuit breaker, circuit breaker,
Spring return 2
Spring return 2, spring return, make,
Spring return 3
Spring return 3, spring return, break,
Limit switch n/o
Limit switch n/o, limit switch, directly actuated, spring returned, normally open,
Limit switch n/c
Limit switch n/c, limit switch, directly actuated, spring returned, normally closed,
2 position switch
2 position switch, 2 position, switch,
3 position switch
3 position switch, 3 position, three-position, switch,
4 position switch
4 position switch, 4 position, switch,
Manual switch
Manual switch, manual switch, manually operated switch,
Pushbutton make
Pushbutton make, pushbutton, make, circuit closing, mushroom head, push-pull head,
Pushbutton break
Pushbutton break, pushbutton, break, circuit opening, mushroom head, push-pull head,
Pushbutton 2-circuit
Pushbutton 2-circuit, pushbutton, 2-circuit, circuit opening, break,
Selector switch
Selector switch, selector switch, break-before-make, nonshorting, nonbridging, contact transfer,
Shorting selector
Shorting selector, shorting selector, make-before-break, shorting, bridging, contact transfer,
Proximity limit switch
Proximity limit switch, proximity limit switch, directly actuated, spring returned, normally closed,
Time delay make
Time delay make, time delay make, open switch, time-delay closing, TDC,
Time delay break
Time delay break, time delay break, closed switch, time-delay opening, TDO,
Time delay make 2
Time delay make 2, time delay make, normally open,
Time delay break 2
Time delay break 2, time delay break, normally closed,
Safety interlock
Safety interlock, safety interlock, circuit opening,
Flow actuated
Flow actuated, flow actuated,
Liquid level actuated
Liquid level actuated, liquid level actuated switch,
Liquid level actuated 2
Liquid level actuated 2, liquid level actuated switch,
Gas flow actuated
Gas flow actuated, gas flow actuated switch,
Pressure actuated
Pressure actuated, pressure actuated switch,
Temperature actuated
Temperature actuated, temperature actuated switch,
Thermostat
Thermostat, thermostat,
Temperature switch
Temperature switch, temperature switch, temperature sensitive switch,
Inertia switch
Inertia switch, inertia switch,
Mercury switch
Mercury switch, mercury switch,
Mercury switch 2
Mercury switch 2, mercury switch,
Fuse
Fuse, fuse,
Switch disconnector
Switch disconnector, switch disconnector, isolating-switch,
Isolator
Isolator, isolator,
Change-over contact
Change-over contact, change-over contact,
Relay contacts
Relay contacts, relay contacts,
Relay coil
Relay coil, relay coil,
Pilot light
Pilot light, pilot light,
Pilot light, push-to-test
Pilot light, push-to-test, pilot light,
Relay, alternating-current
Relay, alternating-current, relay,
Relay, magnetically polarized
Relay, magnetically polarized, relay,
Relay, slow-operate
Relay, slow-operate, relay,
Relay, slow-release
Relay, slow-release, relay,
Relay
Relay, relay,
Relay, high speed
Relay, high speed, relay,
Relay, mechanically latched
Relay, mechanically latched, relay,
Relay, permanent
Relay, permanent, relay,
Used Solutions

Building Drawing Software for Designing Plumbing

Building Drawing Software for Designing Plumbing
The construction project for any building obligatory must include the plans for systems of water supplying, sewerage, lighting and heating. From one side these are the documents required and indispensable for the construction, but from the other side this is a way of correct and effective selection of equipment, and subsequent its installation. Correctly performed calculations for these systems ensure a reliable, energy-efficient and cost-effective work. At this each project is fully individual decision taking into account all nuances - from the features of building to the personal preferences. ConceptDraw DIAGRAM is a powerful building drawing software for designing Plumbing, Piping, Lighting and other building plans thanks to the included Plumbing and Piping Plans solution and other solutions from Building Plans area. Plumbing and Piping Plans solution includes variety of libraries with different design elements of pipes, valves and other sanitary equipment and helps easy develop the annotated schematics and diagrams of plumbing systems, piping, and waste water.
The circuit diagram example "Bipolar current mirror" was redesigned from the Wikipedia file: Current mirror.png.
[en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ File:Current_ mirror.png]
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. [creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3.0/ deed.en]
"A current mirror is a circuit designed to copy a current through one active device by controlling the current in another active device of a circuit, keeping the output current constant regardless of loading. The current being 'copied' can be, and sometimes is, a varying signal current. Conceptually, an ideal current mirror is simply an ideal inverting current amplifier that reverses the current direction as well or it is a current-controlled current source (CCCS). The current mirror is used to provide bias currents and active loads to circuits. ...
Basic BJT current mirror.
If a voltage is applied to the BJT base-emitter junction as an input quantity and the collector current is taken as an output quantity, the transistor will act as an exponential voltage-to-current converter. By applying a negative feedback (simply joining the base and collector) the transistor can be "reversed" and it will begin acting as the opposite logarithmic current-to-voltage converter; now it will adjust the "output" base-emitter voltage so as to pass the applied "input" collector current.
The simplest bipolar current mirror ... implements this idea. It consists of two cascaded transistor stages acting accordingly as a reversed and direct voltage-to-current converters." [Current mirror. Wikipedia]
The circuit diagram example "Bipolar current mirror" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Electrical Engineering solution from the Engineering area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
Circuit diagram
Circuit diagram, junction, indicator, meter, galvanometer, ground connection, ground, fixed resistor, resistor, bipolar transistor, bipolar junction transistor, BJT, NPN,
Used Solutions
The vector stencils library "Industrial transport" contains 11 clip art images for creating heavy-duty vehicles illustrations, presentation slides, infographics and webpages using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software.
"Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing construction tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork operations. They are also known as, heavy machines, heavy trucks, construction equipment, engineering equipment, heavy vehicles, or heavy hydraulics. They usually comprise five equipment systems: implement, traction, structure, power train, control and information. Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the ratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied. Currently most equipment use hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion." [Heavy equipment. Wikipedia]
The vector stencils library "Industrial transport" is included in the Aerospace and Transport solution from the Illustrations area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ illustrations-aerospace-transport
Dump truck
Dump truck, dumper, dump truck,
Concrete mixer
Concrete mixer, concrete mixer,
Truck crane
Truck crane, truck crane, crane,
Excavator
Excavator, excavator,
Bulldozer
Bulldozer, bulldozer,
Grain harvester combine
Grain harvester combine, grain harvester combine,
Tractor
Tractor, tractor,
Forklift truck
Forklift truck, forwarding,
Reach stacker
Reach stacker, unloading,
Forklift truck
Forklift truck, forklift truck,
Container loader
Container loader, high loader,
Used Solutions
The vector stencils library "Valves" contains 91 symbols of valves. Use it for drawing plumbing and piping plans, schematic diagrams and blueprints of industrial piping systems; process, vacuum, and fluids piping; hydraulics piping; air and gas piping; materials distribution; and liquid transfer systems in the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Plumbing and Piping Plans solution from the Building Plans area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
In-line valve
In-line valve, in-line valve, valve,
3-way valve
3-way valve, in-line valve, valve,
4-way valve
4-way valve, in-line valve, valve,
Screw-down valve
Screw-down valve, screw-down valve, lock-shield valve, reel valve, valve, stop cock,
Lock-shield valve
Lock-shield valve, screw-down valve, lock-shield valve, reel valve, valve,
Reel valve
Reel valve, screw-down valve, lock-shield valve, reel valve, valve,
Relief valve
Relief valve, relief valve, valve,
Relief valve 2
Relief valve 2, relief valve, valve,
Relief valve 3
Relief valve 3, relief valve, valve,
Relief valve 4
Relief valve 4, relief valve, valve,
Angle valve
Angle valve, angle valve, valve,
Angle valve 2
Angle valve 2, angle valve, valve,
Angle valve 3
Angle valve 3, angle valve, valve,
Angle valve 4
Angle valve 4, angle valve, valve,
Check valve
Check valve, check valve, valve,
Check valve 2
Check valve 2, check valve, valve,
Screwdown valve
Screwdown valve, check valve, valve,
Float operated valve
Float operated valve, float operated valve, valve,
Float operated valve 2
Float operated valve 2, float operated valve, valve,
Flanged valve
Flanged valve, flanged valve, valve,
Flanged valve 2
Flanged valve 2, flanged valve, valve,
Butterfly valve
Butterfly valve, butterfly valve, valve,
Butterfly valve 2
Butterfly valve 2, butterfly valve, valve,
Globe valve
Globe valve, globe valve, valve,
Globe valve 2
Globe valve 2, globe valve, valve,
Globe valve 3
Globe valve 3, globe valve, valve,
Needle valve
Needle valve, needle valve, valve,
Needle valve 2
Needle valve 2, needle valve, valve,
Needle valve 3
Needle valve 3, needle valve, valve,
Needle valve 4
Needle valve 4, needle valve, valve,
Diaphragm valve
Diaphragm valve, diaphragm valve, valve,
Diaphragm valve 2
Diaphragm valve 2, diaphragm valve, valve,
Diaphragm valve 3
Diaphragm valve 3, diaphragm valve, valve,
Wedge gate valve
Wedge gate valve, wedge gate valve, wedge valve, valve,
Parallel side valve
Parallel side valve, parallel slide valve, parallel valve, valve,
Gate valve
Gate valve, gate valve, valve,
Ball valve
Ball valve, ball valve, valve,
Ball valve 2
Ball valve 2, ball valve, valve,
Ball valve 3
Ball valve 3, ball valve, valve,
Powered control valve
Powered control valve, powered valve, valve,
Powered control valve 2
Powered control valve 2, powered valve, valve,
Powered control valve 3
Powered control valve 3, powered valve, valve,
Relief angle valve, pressure
Relief angle valve, pressure, relief angle valve, relief valve, angle valve, valve, pressure, vacuum,
Relief angle valve, vacuum
Relief angle valve, vacuum, relief angle valve, relief valve, angle valve, valve, pressure, vacuum,
Reducing valve
Reducing valve, reducing valve, valve,
Reducing valve 2
Reducing valve 2, reducing valve, valve,
Plug valve
Plug valve, plug valve, valve,
Plug valve 2
Plug valve 2,
Plug valve, straight through
Plug valve, straight through,
3-way plug valve
3-way plug valve, plug valve, valve,
Plug valve, T-port
Plug valve, T-port,
Plug valve, L-port
Plug valve, L-port,
3-way plug valve
3-way plug valve, 3-way plug valve, plug valve, valve,
3-way plug valve 2
3-way plug valve 2, 3-way plug valve, plug valve, valve,
3-way plug valve 3
3-way plug valve 3, 3-way plug valve, plug valve, valve,
3-way plug valve, T-port
3-way plug valve, T-port, 3-way plug valve, plug valve, valve,
3-way plug valve, L-port
3-way plug valve, L-port, 3-way plug valve, plug valve, valve,
Mixing valve
Mixing valve, mixing valve, valve,
Characterized port valve
Characterized port valve, characterized port valve, valve,
Manual isolation
Manual isolation, manual isolation,
Power signal
Power signal, power signal,
Statically loaded
Statically loaded, statically loaded, actuating method,
Spring loaded
Spring loaded, spring loaded, actuating method,
Spring loaded 2
Spring loaded 2, spring loaded, actuating method,
Remote control
Remote control, remotely controlled, actuating method,
Diaphragm
Diaphragm, diaphragm, actuating method,
Diaphragm, positioner
Diaphragm, positioner, diaphragm, actuating method,
Chain operated
Chain operated, chain operated, actuating method,
Gear operated
Gear operated, gear operated, actuating method,
Solenoid
Solenoid, solenoid,
Weight loaded
Weight loaded, weight loaded, actuating method,
Weight loaded 2
Weight loaded 2, weight loaded, actuating method,
Weight loaded 3
Weight loaded 3, weight loaded, actuating method,
Float operated
Float operated, float operated, actuating method,
Float operated 2
Float operated 2, float operated, actuating method,
Dash-pot
Dash-pot, dash-pot,
Dash-pot 2
Dash-pot 2, dash-pot,
Piston
Piston, piston,
Quick opening
Quick opening, quick, open, close, opening, closing,
Quick opening 2
Quick opening 2, quick, open, close, opening, closing,
Quick closing
Quick closing, quick, open, close, opening, closing,
Quick closing 2
Quick closing 2, quick, open, close, opening, closing,
Connecting unit
Connecting unit, connecting unit,
Connecting unit 2
Connecting unit 2, connecting unit,
Connecting unit 3
Connecting unit 3, connecting unit,
Motor element
Motor element, motor element,
Motor element, opens on failure
Motor element, opens on failure, motor element,
Motor element, closes on failure
Motor element, closes on failure, motor element,
Motor element, retains position on fail
Motor element, retains position on fail, motor element,
Motor element, safe direction
Motor element, safe direction, motor element,
Regulating
Regulating, regulating, method of control,
Used Solutions
The vector stencils library "HVAC control equipment" contains 48 HVAC symbols. Use it for drawing HVAC systems diagrams, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, refrigeration, automated building control, and environmental control design building plans and equipment layouts. The symbols example "HVAC control equipment - Vector stencils library" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the HVAC Plans solution from the Building Plans area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
Duct, sgl line
Duct, sgl line, duct,
Duct, dbl line
Duct, dbl line, duct,
Return duct, sgl line
Return duct, sgl line, return duct,
Return duct, dbl line
Return duct, dbl line, return duct,
Supply duct, sgl line
Supply duct, sgl line, supply duct,
Supply duct, dbl line
Supply duct, dbl line, supply duct,
Return duct 2, sgl line
Return duct 2, sgl line, supply duct,
Return duct 2, dbl line
Return duct 2, dbl line, supply duct,
Supply duct extension, sgl line
Supply duct extension, sgl line, duct extension,
Supply duct extension, dbl line
Supply duct extension, dbl line, duct extension,
Return duct extension, sgl line
Return duct extension, sgl line, duct extension,
Return duct extension, dbl line
Return duct extension, dbl line, duct extension,
2-fan section, sgl line
2-fan section, sgl line, multi fan section,
2-fan section, dbl line
2-fan section, dbl line, multi fan section,
3-fan section, sgl line
3-fan section, sgl line, multi fan section,
3-fan section, dbl line
3-fan section, dbl line, multi fan section,
4-fan section, sgl line
4-fan section, sgl line, multi fan section,
4-fan section, dbl line
4-fan section, dbl line, multi fan section,
VAV box
VAV box, VAV box, variable air volume box,
DD-VAV box
DD-VAV box, DD-VAV box, double, duct, variable air volume box, VAV box, constant volume box, CV box,
Fan coil housing
Fan coil housing, fan coil housing,
Unit heater
Unit heater, unit heater,
Centrifugal fan
Centrifugal fan, centrifugal fan,
Propeller fan
Propeller fan, propeller fan,
Vane axial fan
Vane axial fan, vane axial fan, pitch control,
Damper
Damper, damper,
Filter
Filter, filter,
Air flow station
Air flow station, air flow station,
Humidifier
Humidifier, humidifier,
Htg/clg coil
Htg/clg coil, heating, cooling, coil,
Valve
Valve, valve,
Water flow meter
Water flow meter, water flow meter,
Pump
Pump, pump,
, chiller,
Cooling tower
Cooling tower, cooling tower,
Converter
Converter, converter,
Heat exchanger
Heat exchanger, heat exchanger, plate and tube,
Boiler
Boiler, boiler ,
Equipment
Equipment, equipment,
Starter
Starter, magnetic, starter,
VSD
VSD, VSD, variable speed drive,
Side to bottom pipe
Side to bottom pipe, pipe,
Side to bottom pipe, arrow
Side to bottom pipe, arrow, pipe,
Side to side pipe
Side to side pipe, pipe,
Side to side pipe, arrow
Side to side pipe, arrow, pipe,
Top to bottom pipe
Top to bottom pipe, pipe,
Top to bottom pipe, arrow
Top to bottom pipe, arrow, pipe,
Pipe flow arrow
Pipe flow arrow, pipe flow arrow,
Used Solutions