Steps of Accounting Cycle

The cycle diagram sample was created on the base of the figure illustrating the webpage "2. POLICY & STRATEGY" of "Scottish Police College Primary Inspection 2006: A Report by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary" from the Scottish Government website.
"Strategic Planning.
2.1 The planning process for the College currently follows a structured approach, starting in April and extending through the financial year. The planning cycle is illustrated in figure 2. ...
2.2 The College recognises the need to consult with its customers and stakeholders in the process of setting objectives and directing the training programme. The planning cycle to date refers to force visits, environmental scanning, the course planning process which involves consultation with all forces and other common police services, as well as to a survey of external providers.
2.3 The information from consultation feeds into an EFQM framework from which the College has identified four key policies, namely:
(1) developing and delivering quality training;
(2) developing our people through lifelong learning;
(3) continuous improvement of our service; and
(4) embracing the changing environment.
2.4 The objectives set at divisional level are designed to contribute to delivering these policies. HMIC found that whilst the selected objectives were presented in line with the structure, not all could be considered to meet SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Timed) criteria. This failure indicates that while the process appears suitably structured to deliver a robust result, some of those involved could perhaps have a better understanding of the process." [scotland.gov.uk/ Publications/ 2007/ 02/ 15134652/ 8]
The cycle diagram example "Strategic planning" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Target and Circular Diagrams solution from the Marketing area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ marketing-target-and-circular-diagrams

This hexagon diagram sample was redesigned from the Wikipedia file: Virtuous circle in macroeconomics.svg. "An example of the use of a virtuous circle in macroeconomics."
[en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ File:Virtuous_ circle_ in_ macroeconomics.svg]
"A virtuous circle and a vicious circle (also referred to as virtuous cycle and vicious cycle) are economic terms. They refer to a complex chain of events that reinforces itself through a feedback loop. A virtuous circle has favorable results, while a vicious circle has detrimental results.
Both circles are complexes of events with no tendency towards equilibrium (at least in the short run). Both systems of events have feedback loops in which each iteration of the cycle reinforces the previous one (positive feedback). These cycles will continue in the direction of their momentum until an external factor intervenes and breaks the cycle. The prefix "hyper-" is sometimes used to describe these cycles if they are extreme. The best-known example of a vicious circle is hyperinflation. ...
Example in macroeconomics.
Virtuous circle.
Economic growth can be seen as a virtuous circle. It might start with an exogenous factor such as technological innovation. As people get familiar with the new technology, there could be learning curve effects and economies of scale. This could lead to reduced costs and improved production efficiencies. In a competitive market structure, this will probably result in lower average prices or a decrease in employment as it takes fewer workers to produce the same output. As prices decrease, consumption could increase and aggregate output also. Increased levels of output lead to more learning and scale effects and a new cycle starts."
[en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ Virtuous_ circle_ and_ vicious_ circle]
The crystal diagram example "Virtuous circle (macroeconomics)" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Target and Circular Diagrams solution from the Marketing area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
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This circular arrows diagram sample depicts the Plan–Do–Check–Act cycle.
"PDCA (plan–do–check–act or plan–do–check–adjust) is an iterative four-step management method used in business for the control and continuous improvement of processes and products. It is also known as the Deming circle/ cycle/ wheel, Shewhart cycle, control circle/ cycle, or plan–do–study–act (PDSA). Another version of this PDCA cycle is OPDCA. The added "O" stands for observation or as some versions say "Grasp the current condition." This emphasis on observation and current condition has currency with Lean manufacturing/ Toyota Production System literature." [PDCA. Wikipedia]
The diagram example "PDCA cycle" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Circular Arrows Diagrams solution from the area "What is a Diagram" of ConceptDraw Solution Park.

"Citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA cycle, Krebs cycle) is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)." [Citric acid cycle. Wikipedia]
This biochemical diagram example shows metabolic pathways map of citric acid cycle reactions.
This sample was redesigned from the Wikimedia Commons file: TCA cycle.svg. [commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/ File:TCA_ cycle.svg]
This image is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license. [creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by/ 3.0/ deed.en]
The metabolic pathway map example "Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle)" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Biology solution from the Science and Education area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.

This Water cycle diagram example was drawn using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector graphics software extended with the clipart libraries Geography and Weather.
"The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the H2O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The mass water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. In so doing, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice), and gas (vapor)." [Water cycle. Wikipedia]
This water cycle diagram example is included in the Nature solution from the Illustration area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.

This circular arrows diagram sample shows business process management life cycle.
It was designed on the base of the Wikimedia Commons file: Business Process Management Life-Cycle.svg. [commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/ File:Business_ Process_ Management_ Life-Cycle.svg]
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. [creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3.0/ deed.en]
"BPM life-cycle.
Business process management activities can be grouped into six categories: vision, design, modeling, execution, monitoring, and optimization.
Functions are designed around the strategic vision and goals of an organization. Each function is attached with a list of processes. Each functional head in an organization is responsible for certain sets of processes made up of tasks which are to be executed and reported as planned. Multiple processes are aggregated to function accomplishments and multiple functions are aggregated to achieve organizational goals." [Business process management. Wikipedia]
The arrow donut chart example "BPM life cycle" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Circular Arrows Diagrams solution from the area "What is a Diagram" of ConceptDraw Solution Park.

This arrow loop cycle diagram sample was created on the base of the figure illustrating the webpage "Exploratory Advanced Research Program Hand-Off Workshops" from the US Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) website. "The FHWA’s research and technology innovation life cycle illustrates that research and technology development are not insular activities, but integrated processes that together constitute a system.
Following general workshop discussion, a number of common issues emerged among the groups. These centered around the research life cycle, communicating the value of exploratory advanced research, and continued project funding. It was felt that there is a general need to better describe the research and deployment cycle specific to highway transportation and possibly to highway research fields, such as materials or system planning. Research life cycle diagrams show a very linear, chronological process but it is not necessarily that way in reality." [fhwa.dot.gov/ advancedresearch/ pubs/ 11034/ ]
The arrow loop diagram example "Innovation life cycle" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Target and Circular Diagrams solution from the Marketing area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ marketing-target-and-circular-diagrams

This workflow diagram example was designed on the base of the Wikimedia Commons file: ASAM e.V. flowchart.png.
"Life cycle of an ASAM standard." [commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/ File:ASAM_ e.V._ flowchart.png]
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. [creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3.0/ deed.en]
"Association for Standardization of Automation and Measuring Systems or ASAM is an incorporated association under German law. Its members are primarily international car manufacturers, suppliers and engineering service providers from the automotive industry. The association coordinates the development of technical standards, which are developed by working groups composed of experts from its member companies. ASAM pursues the vision that the tools of a development process chain can be freely interconnected and allow a seamless exchange of data. The standards define protocols, data models, file formats and application programming interfaces (APIs) for the use in the development and testing of automotive electronic control units." [Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems. Wikipedia]
The workflow diagram example "Life cycle of an ASAM standard" was created using ConceptDraw PRO software extended with the Business Process Workflow Diagrams solution from the Business Processes area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.

This arrow ring chart sample was created on the base of the figure illustrating the webpage "National Preparedness Cycle. Plan" from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) website. "Planning makes it possible to manage the entire life cycle of a potential crisis. Strategic and operational planning establishes priorities, identifies expected levels of performance and capability requirements, provides the standard for assessing capabilities and helps stakeholders learn their roles. The planning elements identify what an organization’s Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) or Emergency Operations Plans (EOPs) should include for ensuring that contingencies are in place for delivering the capability during a large-scale disaster." [fema.gov/ plan]
The arrow ring chart example "National Preparedness Cycle" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Target and Circular Diagrams solution from the Marketing area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ marketing-target-and-circular-diagrams

This circle diagram sample was redesigned from the Wikimedia Commons file: Research cycle.png. "Some of the basic elements of the scientific method, arranged in a cycle to emphasize that it is an iterative process." [commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/ File:Research_ cycle.png]
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license. [creativecommons.org/ licenses/ by/ 2.0/ deed.en]
"The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. ...
Four essential elements of the scientific method are iterations, recursions, interleavings, or orderings of the following:
(1) Characterizations (observations, definitions, and measurements of the subject of inquiry).
(2) Hypotheses (theoretical, hypothetical explanations of observations and measurements of the subject).
(3) Predictions (reasoning including logical deduction from the hypothesis or theory).
(4) Experiments (tests of all of the above)...
A linearized, pragmatic scheme of the four points above is sometimes offered as a guideline for proceeding:
(1) Define a question.
(2) Gather information and resources (observe).
(3) Form an explanatory hypothesis.
(4) Test the hypothesis by performing an experiment and collecting data in a reproducible manner.
(5) Analyze the data.
(6) Interpret the data and draw conclusions that serve as a starting point for new hypothesis.
(7) Publish results.
(8) Retest (frequently done by other scientists).
The iterative cycle inherent in this step-by-step method goes from point 3 to 6 back to 3 again." [Scientific method. Wikipedia]
The circle diagram example "Research cycle" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Target and Circular Diagrams solution from the Marketing area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ marketing-target-and-circular-diagrams

This cycle diagram sample was created on the base of the figure illustrating the article "Environmental Materials" by Cris Arnold from the website of the UK Centre for Materials Education of the Higher Education Academy. "The figure ... schematically shows how the disparate areas under the heading of 'environmental materials' can be linked via a life cycle analysis approach. ...
Life Cycle Analysis.
Life Cycle Analysis is essentially a method of considering the entire environmental impact, energy and resource usage of a material or product. It is often known as a 'cradle-to-grave' analysis and can encompass the entire lifetime from extraction to end-of-life disposal. Life cycle analysis can be an extremely effective way of linking many different aspects of the environmental impacts of materials usage. ...
Materials Extraction and Resource Implications.
The environmental impact of raw materials extraction and processing together with global resource issues provides a good place to start consideration of environmental aspects of materials. ...
Environmental Impacts of Processing.
... Topics that would come under this subject area include the specific environmental problems associated with processing of metals, polymers, ceramics, composites etc, and how these problems can be overcome.
Design for Sustainability.
This area ... will ... cover issues such as design for successful recycling, waste minimisation, energy efficiency and increased lifetime.
Economic, Social and Legislative Issues.
... For example, materials selection within the automotive industry is now heavily influenced by 'end-of-life vehicle' and 'hazardous material' regulations.
Use of Sustainable Materials.
... It is probably sensible to define such materials as those that have distinct differences that achieve environmental benefit compared to conventional materials. With this definition, the list would include:
(1) Materials of a significantly plant-based nature, including wood, natural fibre composites, natural polymers.
(2) Materials produced using a large proportion of waste material, including recycled polymers, composites made from waste mineral powders, and arguably also much steel and aluminium.
Materials for Green Energy.
The most exciting developments in Materials Science are in the realm of functional materials, and many of these serve an environmentally-beneficial purpose, particularly in the production of green energy.
These include:
(1) Solar-cell materials.
(2) Fuel-cell technology.
(3) Catalytic pollution control.
End-of-Life Issues.
The treatment of materials at the end of their lifetime is a significant subject area and encompasses aspects such as recycling techniques and materials limitations, biodegradabilty and composting, chemical recovery and energy recovery." [materials.ac.uk/ guides/ environmental.asp]
The ring chart example "Life cycle analysis" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Target and Circular Diagrams solution from the Marketing area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
www.conceptdraw.com/ solution-park/ marketing-target-and-circular-diagrams

This hotel computer reservations system cycle process chart example was redesigned from the Wikimedia Commons file: По-запросу.jpg.
[commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/ File:По-запросу.jpg]
"A computer reservations system or central reservation system (CRS) is a computerized system used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to air travel, hotels, car rental, or activities. ...
Modern GDSes typically allow users to book hotel rooms, rental cars, airline tickets as well as activities and tours." [en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ Computer_ reservations_ system]
The cycle process diagram example "Hotel reservation system" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Sales Flowcharts solution from the Marketing area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.